The Atmosphere and The Ozone Layer - 883 Words

The atmosphere is an amazing creation. It contains many things that help make this world a place where we can live. The atmosphere contains ozone. That helps protect our skin from harmful sun rays. Many layers make up our atmosphere. There are five main layers, the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and lastly the exosphere. Each layer has a different purpose. Clouds are located in the atmosphere and are a big part of the water cycle. There are different types of clouds and they all have different effects. Conduction and convection also play a big part in how we live our lives today. Ozone is a gas in the atmosphere. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Without ozone, our skin would burn from the suns radiation. Ozone can be either good or bad for your health. It depends on the location of it in the atmosphere. It can also be bad for the environment. When ozone is near the ground it is considered very dangerous. During the hot summer months ozone levels should be monitored. In the summer, more harmful ozone concentrations are in the air we use. Inhaling ozone can be very dangerous to our health. It can cause a number of health problems. Scientists are figuring out ways to help keep the air clean and people and the environment healthy. (1) There are many different layers in the atmosphere, five actually. The layer closest to the earth’s surface is the troposphere. The troposphere is again the veryShow MoreRelatedThe Ozone Layer And Global Climate Change1186 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet†. The ozone layer and a stable climate temperature are the only thing protecting life on earth from the deadly UV rays and harmful global temperature rise. All around the world today the ozone layer is constantly depleting and the overall global temperature is constantly heating up whether anyone is acknowledging it or not, but there is a cause. Ozone layer depletion and global climate change are naturally occurring events that haveRead MoreEssay on OZONE DEPLETION BY HUMAN’S ACTIONS1659 Words   |  7 PagesOZONE DEPLETION BY HUMAN’S ACTIONS The ozone layer is a very important component in the atmosphere. Ozone is not the same as the oxygen humans breathe. There is very little of this gas in the atmosphere. First off, let’s begin with a definition of the ozone layer. Ozone is a hot, slightly bluish gas. It is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms, which are very similar to the molecule we are familiar with (O2), the molecule needed for human respiration. Despite the major smog problemRead MoreThe Effects of Ozone Depletion Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe ozone layer is a deep layer in the Earth’s stratosphere that has an altitude of about 6.2 miles and contains a high concentration of ozone molecules. The ozone layer shields the entire Earth from some of the harmful ultraviolet rays that come from the sun. The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of several layers, but the layer that we live in - the â€Å"troposphere† – is where most weather occurs. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere which is where most of the effects caused by ozone holes andRead MoreThe Loopholes of the Montreal Protocol on the Substances that Depletes the Ozone Layer754 Words   |  3 PagesNià ±o which lead to hunger and increase in demand of food. The Ozone Layer is a region in the Earth’s stratosphere which serves as a protective layer against the sun’s ultraviolet rays and prevents the escape of oxygen (O2) from the earth. It contains a very high concentration of Ozone (O3) which absorbs some of the sun’s radiation. Without this protective blanket, it will be warmer here on Earth and oxygen will be lesser. The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by two French physicists Charles FabryRead MoreThe Depletion Of The Ozone Layer1593 Words   |  7 Pagesdepletion of the ozone layer became international. This essay will look at what the ozone layer is, why it was depleting, how the international response to this situation developed and what this collaboration means for our future. The envelope of gases surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere and it serves three critical functions: it provides life-giving oxygen, keeps the earth warm, and protects us from deadly ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Most of the atmosphere consists of nitrogenRead MoreOzone Layer Depletion And Its Effects1575 Words   |  7 Pages Ian Grimmond Ozone Layer Depletion When you walk outside, there is a pale blue molecule up in the Stratosphere that is protecting you every second of every day of your life, this molecule is called ozone. Ozone is made of oxygen and has a chemical equation of OO2. It is layered all over our Stratosphere and protects us from harmful UV rays from the sun. Without this in our atmosphere, we would mostly likely not live as long on this Earth. Sadly however, this ozone layer is depleting, andRead MoreEssay about Ozone Layer Depletion1623 Words   |  7 PagesOzone Layer Depletion Ozone is a natural trace component of the atmosphere. It is created continuously through the action of sunlight and oxygen in the upper atmosphere. At the same time this destroyed by various reactions with other components in the air. The next result of these natural processes is the so-called ozone layer in the stratosphere at altitudes between 15 and 50 kilometers in which the concentration of the ozone is raised. Ozone is a colorless gas, a form ofRead MoreAtmosphere Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesDominic Vawdrey Aircraft systems essay Atmosphere The term atmosphere is described by Wikipedia as â€Å"An atmosphere (New Latin atmosphaera, created in the 17th century from Greek á ¼â‚¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚ [atmos] vapor and ÏÆ'φÎ ±Ã¡ ¿â€"Ï ÃŽ ± [sphaira] sphere) is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass and that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere may be retained for a longer duration, if the gravity is high and the atmospheres temperature is low. Some planets consist mainlyRead MoreVolcanic Eruptions Can Have On The Ozone Layer1325 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s day and age, when you hear the word â€Å"global warming†, the first thing you tend to think about is car emissions or large nuclear power plants killing the ozone layer. However, you never think about natural causes of climate change such as solar activity or volcanic eruptions. Volcanic eruptions can impact global climate change drastically, and play a much larger role than expected. â€Å"Volcanic eruptions contribute to climate variability, but quantifying these contributions has been limitedRead MoreOzone Layer704 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is the ozone layer and why is it important? The ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere. About 90% of the planets ozone is in the ozone layer. The layer of the Earths atmosphere that surrounds us is called the troposphere. The stratosphere, the next higher layer, extends about 10-50 kilometers above the Earths surface. Stratospheric ozone is a naturally-occurring gas that filters the suns ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A diminished ozone layer allows more radiation

The Decline Of The 19th Century - 1216 Words

Prior to the 15th century Europe had not much, if any, knowledge of the new world. Content with many small kingdoms and farms, there was no reason to explore. The economy was limited and life was simple. However, by the latter part of the century, conditions changed and Europe’s views did as well. At this time the population experienced tremendous growth. This was definitely a motive for expansion since the economy which was once very weak was now beginning to boom. Europe was truly breaking into a modern age. This movement is referred to as the Renaissance or â€Å"rebirth†. European government, commerce, and technology were on the rise. Governments became more powerful monarchs created nation states. These nations developed their own armies,†¦show more content†¦Spain, Portugal, and France desired to build Catholic empires in the new world. Columbus thought himself to be chosen by God to embark on his journey. The Dutch and English desired to convert the natives of the new world to Protestantism. Many went simply to be free to practice their faith according to their own conscience and in their own form. In 1606 James I of England gave charters to the London Company and Plymouth Company to try to establish colonies in the new land. England’s attempts until now were unsuccessful. The London Company landed in what they named Jamestown in 1607. The colonists needed to not only make a profit for the company, but they needed to survive. This proved to be nearly impossib le. Jamestown was not well suited for cultivation. The humid summer led to outbreaks of malaria and it was situated in the midst of Native American territories. By 1608 Captain John Smith took over the leadership of the colony and saved it from the same fate the previous colonists had suffered. The London Company, now Virginia Company, received another charter in 1609 from the King. It gave the colonists more land and less power. The idea was to sell stock to people who would remain in England but share future company profits, give stock to planters that would journey to the colony on their own, and transport people for free in return for serving the company for seven years. Things did not turn out as planned.

A People’s History of the United States Free Essays

Since the arrival of the Virginians to the New World, they were desperate for labor. The Virginians were unable to grow enough food to stay alive. During the winter, they were reduced to roaming the woods for nuts and berries and digging up graves to eat the corpses until five hundred colonists were reduced to sixty. We will write a custom essay sample on A People’s History of the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now They couldn’t force the Indians to work for them because they were outnumbered and despite their superior firearms, they knew the Indians could massacre them. The Indians also had amazing spirit and resistance. They would prefer to die than be controlled by others. Indentured servants wouldn’t suffice because they had not been brought over in sufficient quantity. Also, indentured servants only had to work for a few years to repay their debt. Indentured servants eventually assimilated into society, increasing the need for laborers. Black slaves were the answer, as a million blacks had already been brought from Africa to the Portuguese and Spanish colonies. The first Africans that arrived in Virginia were considered as servants, but were treated and viewed differently from white servants. Even before the slave trade begun, the color black was distasteful. The Africans were viewed as inferior and that was the beginning of racism. It was easy for the English enslave the Africans. They were helpless; the English tore them from their land and culture and they were no match for the English’s guns and ships. Africans were captured and sent to the coast where they were kept in cages until they were picked and sold. Then they were packed aboard the slave ships in spaces that were no bigger than coffins. The combination of desperation from the Jamestown settlers, difficulty of using whites and Indians as servants, the availability of Africans and their helplessness made them the ideal candidates for enslavement. They were the solution to the settler’s problems. Tabaco, cotton, and sugar plantations made the colonies extremely wealthy; however, there simply were not enough whites to meet the need of the plantations. So as the plantation system grew, slavery grew. The slaves were taught to be insubordinate. They endured hard labor, separation from their families, and the power of law, allowing them to be punished physically. And thus the beginning of slavery and the drawing of the racial line. How to cite A People’s History of the United States, Essay examples

Ist Corinthians Essay Example For Students

Ist Corinthians Essay First Corinthians is a single, whole document written by Paul in the early 50s C.E. The letter was written in Ephesus, and intended for the members of a church that had been newly built in Corinth, Greece. Paul focused the correspondences, to the church, on some issues that were plaguing the citizens of Corinth. The issues included sex, Christian unity, behavior in the church, and resurrection. Through each correspondence, Paul gives rules and directions for the people of Corinth to follow. Pauls letters to Corinth were the most extensive correspondences to any one church or city in the entire New Testament. Paul converted to Christianity from Judaism because of a revelation of Jesus Christ. Now, Paul was traveling around northern Greece to churches in Phillipi, Thessalonica, and Beroea. Paul briefly stopped in Athens before taking a trip to Corinth. The fact that Paul was able to make this long trip shows the strength, stamina, and the deeply felt beliefs that carried Paul along the way. Paul stayed in the city of Corinth for about a year and a half, before sailing to Ephesus. It is from this city that Paul wrote the letters to the church in Corinth. The people of Corinth were by no means saints or angels. The Emperor, Augustus, made the city of Corinth the most luxurious and richest city in all of Greece, as well as the most inhabited. In fact, the city was the Greek capital in 27 C.E. By the time Paul arrived in 50 C.E., the city had a reputation for prosperity, trade and materialism. Corinth was also a large and very busy seaport that had many sailors, which would visit from all across Europe. These sailors were notorious for hanging around the legions of prostitutes that inhabited the city. The patron goddess was Aphrodite, and it was no surprise that many citizens of Corinth were engaging in sexual acts that they should not. It is for this very reason that Paul wrote two letters, setting forth the principles of sexual ethics that the people should follow. Also, the first letter to Corinth shows that early Christians were from different backgrounds, both rich and poor, not just the poor. It is this socioeconomic diversity tha t promotes different views and practices in the church. These different views and practices are what threatened the unity of the church in Corinth. This city was in dire need of the letters from Paul, to help show them the correct way to live their lives. The first thing that Paul wanted to do, was to end all the rivalries and problems among the Corinthians that were causing a division among the masses. As stated in 1 Corinthians 8-10, he wanted the people of Corinth to work together in a cooperative way that would be mutually beneficial to all. Now there were not that many in the congregation, maybe 50 or 100, but the group was divide into several cliques. It was the cliques that Paul wished to end. Differences in social, economic, and educational backgrounds were a big part of the reason why there was any division at all. These differences led to a competitive nature because of some groups thinking they were better, and more superior to other groups. Pauls belief was this, there was no difference if you were black, white, Greek or Roman, and each person is one in Jesus Christ. He was trying to show the people of Corinth that in the new faith, there was no place for either competitiveness or individual pride. In fact it was the pride , or boastfulness that Paul aimed at the most. Paul knew that some of the citizens in Corinth thought themselves to be able to have a deeper understanding of things, than that of their fellow Christians. Paul wanted to put every citizen of Corinth on the same playing field intellectually. In fact, he let it be known to the citizens that they did not find Christ, Christ revealed himself to them, on his own accord. Paul also, in this first correspondence, tried to define the limits of a Christians freedom. Paul wanted the people of Corinth to not even worry about Torah. Basically, the citizens were free from Torahs restraints. Some of the followers decided that this meant not to pay attention to any ethical principles. The people of Corinth also began to bring lawsuits against one another. Because of this, Paul had to impose limits on the freedom that the Christians possessed, and he ordered that the Christian community and not the courts must handle these type disputes. .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 , .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .postImageUrl , .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 , .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001:hover , .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001:visited , .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001:active { border:0!important; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001:active , .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001 .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u899f004f5bc27d4ab47dc99c9e435001:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marketing Persuasive EssayIn chapters seven through fifteen Paul responds to some questions brought up by the people of Corinth. The first is that of sexual behavior. Paul clearly prefers a life of no involvement with a woman and would prefer that every Christian stay in whatever state that they are in. Paul does not personally want to marry, but he does not place any restrictions on any of the citizens that wish to. Paul does however lay down a few guidelines for married folk. Paul believes that husbands and wives both entitled to the sexual love of the other. Paul was trying to tell the people of Corinth that it was a husband or wifes duty to fulfill the sexual desire of the other spouse. And that the only reason for not fulfilling the sexual desire was that of prayer, not I have a headache or I do not feel like it tonight. The second question was that of divorce. Paul was totally aware of Jesus having already forbid divorce at all, but Paul stated that if a non-Christian husband/wife wishes to leave the marriage then it was ok. But, if a wife were to separate from the husband, then that wife must stay unmarried from then on. Christians, in Pauls view, were not obligated to stay wed to a non-believer because god wanted each Christian to live in peace, and how could that Christian live in peace wondering if the spouse that they were married was going to be saved. Another part of the correspondence to Corinth that came from Paul, was that of behavior in church. Pauls first suggestion to Corinthians is that men not cover their heads while in prayer. This is because the head of man is that of Christ, and to cover the head would have disgraced Christ. On that same note, Paul said for women to cove their heads while in prayer. Paul states that for a woman to uncover the head would be like shaving all the hair off of it, a total disgrace to the head. In saying these things, Paul created a sexual hierarchy; Christ before man, and man before women. Finally, to seal his argument of the sexual hierarchy Paul simply states that woman was made for man, and not the other way around. The next pat of the correspondence deals with gifts of the spirit and love. The people of Corinth were each different, with regards to the spiritual gift that each citizen possessed. This difference among the mass led to rivalries among the possessors of gifts. Paul reminded t he congregation at Corinth that one spirit, Christ, gives all these gifts and that Christ is indivisible. Paul proves his point by saying that the spiritual gifts, like human body parts, are to be used for the mass or body as a whole. In the midst of this whole definition of gifts and how they are to be used, Paul breaks out with a whole speech on love. Paul believed that without love none of the spiritual gifts would be alive, and that in the perfect world to come only three of the gifts would make it. The three gifts were faith, hope and love; with love being the strongest gift of all. It is the strongest for these reasons: it never quits, it can never be withdrawn, it is patient, kind and does not boast or envy. The last and most important topic that Paul talked about was the issue of resurrection. The people in Corinth at this time had different views of the afterlife; some believed that they already had achieved eternal life at baptism, while other citizens believed the Greek approach of future life being that of a spiritual nature. To some people of Corinth, the fact that Paul believed that the body of resurrection was actual flesh was sickening. Paul believes that the body, which is sown or planted like a seed, is perishable and that body will eventually be raised imperishable. Basically, Paul is saying that the spirit needs a vessel into the next life. Paul proves this point in chapter fifteen, verse three through eight. The verses describe Jesus resurrection from the dead, and that more than 500 people witnessed it. In Pauls last thoughts to the Corinthians, the disciple tells the citizens that they are to give money every Sunday and help the Jerusalem church. Paul ends the letter with an invocation of a hasty return to earth by Jesus. .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 , .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .postImageUrl , .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 , .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251:hover , .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251:visited , .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251:active { border:0!important; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251:active , .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251 .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c4e4ae61e9ce40efd8fe0872c59e251:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Menopause EssayThis continuing correspondence with the Corinthians is the longest correspondence with nay group in the entire New Testament. Paul provides a background of the people the letter was written for and why the letter was written. This of course was not he only letter written to the Corinthians, but it is the first that scholars have found. There is believed to be another before it, but it has yet to be found. The writer of this report believes that Paul got his point across and helped to change the lifestyles that the Corinthians were living at this time. Bibliography1. Harris, Stephen L. The New Testament: A Students Introduction, 3rd ed. Mayfield Publishing, Mountain View, California, 1999. 2. Paul, The New Testament: First Corinthians, The NIV1984. 4. Plummer, Alfred and A. Robertson, First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians, 3rd ed. T. ; T. Clark, Edinburgh5. Ruef, John, Pauls First Letter to Corinth, BibliographyWestminster Press, Philadelphia, 19775. Vine, W.E., One Corinthians

Charles Dickens Essays (961 words) - Charles Dickens,

Charles Dickens Charles Dickens INTRODUCTION This report will talk about the life of a famous author, Charles Dickens. It will tell you about his early, middle, and later years of his life. It will also talk about one of his great works of literature. In conclusion, this report will show a comparison of his work to his life. EARLY LIFE Charles Dickens was born at Landport, in Portsea, on February 7, 1812. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay-Office, and was temporarily on duty in the neighborhood when Charles was born. His name was John Dickens. He spent time in prison for debts. But, even when he was free he lacked the money to support his family. Then, when Charles was two they moved to London.1 Just before he started to toddle, he stepped into the glare of footlights. He never stepped out of it until he died. He was a good man, as men go in the bewildering world of ours, brave, transparent, tender-hearted, and honorable. Dickens was always a little too irritable because he was a little too happy. Like the over-wrought child in society, he was splendidly sociable, and in and yet sometimes quarrelsome. In all the practical relations of his life he was what the child is at a party, genuinely delighted, delightful, affectionate and happy, and in some strange way fundamentally sad and dangerously close to tears. 2 At the age of 12 Charles worked in a London factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish. He held the job only for a few months, but the misery of the experience remain with him all his life. 3 Dickens attended school off and on until he was 15, and then left for good. He enjoyed reading and was especially fond of adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. He was influenced by such earlier English writers as William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and Henry Fielding. However, most of the knowledge he later used as an author came from his environment around him. 4 MIDDLE LIFE Dickens became a newspaper writer and reporter in the late 1820's. He specialized in covering debates in Parliament, and also wrote feature articles. His work as a reporter sharpened his naturally keen ear for conversation and helped develop his skill in portraying his characters speach realistically. It also increased his ability to observe and to write swiftly and clearly. Dickens' first book, Sketches by Boz (1836) consisted of articles he wrote for the Monthly Magazine and the London Evening Chronicles.5 On April 2, 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth. This was just a few days before the anoucement that on the 31st he would have his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. And this was the beginning of his career. 6 Then, at 24, Dickens became famous and was so until he died. He won his first literary fame with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. Published in monthly parts in 1836 and 1837 the book describes the humorous adventure and misadventures of the English Countryside. After a slow start, The Pickwick Papers as the book was usually called gained a popularity seldom matched in the history of literature. 7 Then in 1837, Catherine's sister Mary, died. Because of her death Dickens' suffered a lot of grief. This led some scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than Catherine. Catherine was a good woman but she lacked intelligence. Dickens and Catherine had 10 children. Then later in 1858, the couple seperated. 8 LATER LIFE,/b> His later years was basically consisting of two main additions to his previous activites. The first was a series of public readings and lectures which he began giving it systematically. And second, he was a successive editor. Dickens had been many things in his life; he was a reporter , an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a lecturer, and a editor and he enjoyed all of those things. 9 Dickens had a remarkable mental and physical energy. He recorded all his activites in thousands of letter, many of which made delightful readings. He spent much of his later life with crowded social friends from arts and literature. He also went to the theater as often as he could, cause he loved drama. Dickens also produced and acted in small theaters to give public readings of his work.10 Besides doing all this after his retirement he got involved in various charities . These charities included schools for poor children and a loan society to enable the poor to prove to Australia. 11 Then about 1865 his health started to decline and he died of a stroke on June 9, 1870.

Kate Chopin essays

Kate Chopin essays Kate Chopin is a brilliant writer. Her writing career is during the late 1800s. She lives in a time where women are sexually suppressed and their opinions are not valued. Her writing holds more in common with our time than the time just after the Civil War. Although her life was full of death, she still lived as happy a life as she could by writing in such a bold and daring way. Kate Chopin was born as Catherine OFlaherty. She was born July 12, 1850. She is the daughter of Thomas and Eliza OFlaherty. Kates father, Thomas OFlaherty, was born in Ireland in 1805. He came to the United States in 1823. In 1825 he became a merchant in St. Louis. In 1855 he died suddenly in a train wreck when she was only four. His sudden death pushed all his family into new relationships with each other and the world. Thomas first wife, Catherine de Reilhe, married Thomas in 1839. She was a French-Creole girl, who died after giving birth to their son, George. In 1844, Thomas married Eliza Faris. They had three children together: Jane, who died at childbirth; Thomas Jr.; and Catherine, who we know as Kate Chopin. After the fathers death, Eliza had to cope with being a widow. Kates childhood consisted of a widowed mother, and a widowed great-grandmother. As a child, Kate experienced many deaths. She became emotionally close to her half brother George OFlaherty. George was a Confederate solider during the Civil War and died from typhoid fever after being released from prison in 1862. After her father and brothers death, Kate seemed to have collapsed. She became faintly ill, and it took her two to three years to recover the traumatizing events of her childhood. These events changed her permanently which made her very wary. Kates great-grandmother, Madame Charleville, taught her French. In fact, that was the only thing she would speak around Kate. Madame ...

Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society Research Paper

Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society - Research Paper Example People of the yesteryears believed in completing their high school and attaining a mediocre degree to enter within the business and work domains. They did not focus much on gaining higher education which essentially meant that they missed out on exploring their strengths (Emiliani 2004). Since they did not quite know what they were good at, they felt they were behind the ones who had achieved success by being a part of the higher education settings. Thus the race set in for achieving better grades within the professional realms by taking admission in colleges and universities which imparted higher education to the students and professionals alike (Maletz 2012). As higher education became more and more developed with the passage of time, people started to realize that this was something that they should have discerned in the past. The ones who had missed out earlier came back to the universities and colleges, and restarted their journey to attain higher education. This was a positive move all the same and the ones who took higher education within their stride must be credited with sincere efforts on their part. Needless to suggest, the differences amongst middle management and specialists within any industry of the world is in terms of their higher education. This implies for the specialists to comprehend their work regimes better than the average middle manager within an organization, to quote as an example. It is correct that the specialists of today attain middle management roles yet remain just that – specialists. They are respected more for the uniqueness that they bring towards their professional domains, and are hailed openly by the people both in and out of an organizational environment. It is correct to say here that the specialists have that... This paper talks that it would be fair to suggest that higher education is a subject which must be analyzed upon in detail by the people. The role of the scholars, researchers and educationists is of utmost significance here, as they are the ones who mold people into having fair opinions regarding higher education. If these people dictate the essential role of higher education within the lives of the people, the individuals of the society would realize what they need to do and how to do it will be suggested by these learned men alone. People attaining higher education will multiply and thus exponentially increase, whereby new students would also get encouraged and go out there to attain higher education as well. The cost will therefore become a kind of revenue which will mean immense satisfaction for the people that live within any society of the world. This essay amkes a conclusion that the need of the hour is to bring about a collective good for the sake of the society and the individuals who live within it. It will take care of the gross irregularities that exist within this world and bring about a sense of sanity within the differing ranks that men and women undertake on a consistent basis. All said and done, this discussion has centered on the premise of bringing about wellness for the sake of the society by imparting higher education to its citizens. If these efforts continue, there will be avenues through which men and women shall achieve even more success in the coming times. The need is to understand how the initial step has to be taken, and then all other remaining ones would be crossed easily.

Corporate Social Responsibility Adds to Brand Value Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Adds to Brand Value - Essay Example The relationship between CSR and brand value can be characterized as quite close. The specific relationship is reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is given on the potentials of CSR to add brand value. The literature published in regard to this subject has been reviewed. The studies reviewed indicated that CSR has a key role in adding brand value. However, the above role is not standardized in firms worldwide. Rather, it is depended on the position of each firm in the global market, the organizational structure and the local culture and ethics. Indeed, consumers worldwide are not likely to be equally affected by the performance of an organization in regard to CSR, even if the value of the organization as a business unit is highly influenced by the level at which CSR rules are incorporated in the organization’s strategies. 2. Corporate social responsibility and brand value 2.1 Corporate social responsibility – overview In order to understand the involvement of CSR in adding brand value, it is necessary to describe the context of CSR, as developed in modern organizations. In accordance with Hennigfeld et al. (2007) the corporate social responsibility can be described as an activity of ‘undertaking business in an ethical way in order to achieve sustainable development, not only in economic terms, but also in the social and environmental sphere’ (Hennigfeld et al. 2007, in Mead and Andrews 2009, p.429). In other words, corporate social responsibility, as part of organizational environment, can be characterized as a framework of rules aiming to secure that the operations of a particular firm is ethical, as referring to the labour laws, the environment and so on. The CSR framework of each organization is usually based on the local ethics, laws and culture. However, when the firm operates in the global market its CSR rules need to be also aligned with the international laws and principles governing various organizational activities. T he plan of CSR within modern organizations is presented in Figure 1, Appendix. Through the specific graph it is clear that CSR defines the relationship between the organization and its stakeholders, including the customers, the government and the communities. The level at which these relationships are developed or not affects the firm’s image in the market, including its brand image. In practice, it has been proved that CSR is used as a tool for promoting brand value. At the first level, such trend can be understood since CSR affects the firm’s image in the market, including its brand image. However, the terms under which CSR can be involved in adding brand value are not quite clear. The context of the use of CSR for adding brand value is described below, referring to the practical implications of the relationship between CSR and brand image. 2.2 How corporate social responsibility adds brand value Branding is closely related to CSR. Their relationship can be described as follows: firms that have been found to violate the law in regard to labour relations or the environment are not likely to be welcomed by consumers in the developed countries (Visser, Matten and Tolhurst 2010). The activities of the above firms in the developing countries would be also negatively affected. Indeed, producers in these countries would not trust such organizations and would prefer to

How were British overseas trade,slavery,war and taxation linked during Essay

How were British overseas trade,slavery,war and taxation linked during the eighteenth century - Essay Example The availability of revenue allowed for Britain to maintain naval dockyards and barracks, pay wages, and supply food and munitions, through Effective action by armies and fleets.2 The interconnectedness of overseas trade, slavery, war, and taxation shall be addressed by this paper. It is important to note however, that British colonialism had an influential role in the linkage among the four factors. Alongside a renewed pressure with the unprecedented demands of war with revolutionary and Napoleonic France between 1793 and 1815 was the fiscal-military state of the eighteenth-century Britain, in which taxation reached 20 percent of the national income of England.3 Taxes were normally between 8 and 10 percent throughout the 18th century. Along with the growing influence of Britain was a desire to protect strategic goods, encourage colonial trade or preserve domestic employment from foreign competition, which became issues of national, security and imperial preference. It was likewise important for Britain to establish its political life and to provide links between civil society and the state, which became the subject of the complex process of brokerage with trade interests.4 However, success in Britain’s point of view did not only mean the availability of and increased flow of revenue, but warfare as well, whereby large amounts were spent in a short period of time which fa r exceeded income. It may be inferred that Britain’s goal to pursue warfare specifically with its long-term rival France and the corresponding pursuit to sustain taxation were towards the attainment of a more heightened objective, which was colonialism.5 Such trail towards colonialism is seen in Britain’s concentration on taxing policies witnessed in the fiscal system becoming more dependent on excise duties, with tariffs and stamp of wealth declining an importance.6 Land tax was considered the most important direct tax in this period, which was

An Analysis Relations Between The Us And Israel Politics Essay

An Analysis Relations Between The Us And Israel Politics Essay During more than four decades of state-building, Israelis have looked to the United States for inspiration, financial and military assistance, and diplomatic support. Americans, in turn, have viewed Israel with a special appreciation for its successful effort to follow the Western democratic tradition, its remarkable economic development, and its determined struggle against its uncompromising enemies. in this Paper will indicate the beginning of US-Israeli relations, the US policy towards Israel , then the public opinion about Israel, the role of Israeli lobby in USA, the timeline of US -Israeli relations , then US Criticism to Israel ,the current relations. -Research problem: Why does it seem that Israels relationship with the United States beyond the barriers of political and ideological? -Research Questions: 1-what are roots of US -Israeli relations? 2- Is Israel exploiting America? 3- What are the interests between them? 4-Does US criticizes Israeli Policy? 5- Dose US Foreign Policy towards are affected by Israeli policy? The Hypothesis: The relations between Israeli and United States through politics and history. My approach will be Conflict Management Approach. Introduction: Since the creation of the Jewish state on May 14, 1948, the United States and Israel have maintained very strong ties. Israel owes it very existence in large part to the efforts of the United States. Traditionally, Israel has been looked upon as a solid friend and ally in a very tumultuous region of the world. A tremendous amount of aid, especially military and economic, has been given to the country. American support for Israel has been accepted as the right thing to do. Israel currently receives about $3 billion per year in economic and military grants, refugee settlement assistance, and other aid. Congress has monitored the aid issue closely along with other issues in bilateral relations, and its concerns have affected Administrations policies. the beginning of US relations began U. S.-Israeli relations have evolved from an initial American policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in 1948 to an unusual partnership that links a small but militarily powerful Israel, dependent on the United States for its economic and military strength, with the U. S. superpower trying to balance competing interests in the region. American support for the age-old aspirations of the Jewish people to return to their homeland dates from the Colonial period when John Adams wrote: I really wish the Jews again in Judea an independent nation for, as I believe, the most enlightened men of it have participated in the amelioration of the philosophy of the age. In 1917, Lord Balfour sent a letter to Lord Rothschild, president of the British Zionist Federation, stating that the British Government would facilitate the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine. President Wilson expressed his support for the Balfour Declaration when he stated on March 3, 1919. Congress was no less sympathetic to the Zionist objective. One can look back to the joint Congressional resolutions of 1922 and 1944 that unanimously passed an endorsement of the Balfour Declaration. The House Foreign Affairs Committee stated in 1922, Legislatures in 33 states, representing 85 percent of the population, also adopted resolutions favoring the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. Governors of 37 states, 54 United States senators, and 250 congressmen signed petitions to the President.  [1]  23 History of the American-Israeli relations can be divided into during the previous phase to four major periods: 1-Phase ONE from 1948 to 1973: During the first phase of this period was characterized by the development of strategic relations between the two sides slowly with the declaration of the State of Israel and the recognition by the United States, and the Suez Crisis of 1956, which resulted from the introduction of Israels strategic vision of America in the region, from the premise that Israels moderate is not a burden, and then revealed years following the crisis until the 1967 war on the frequency of strategic cooperation between the two countries and access for the second phase 1967, 1973, marked by the rise of fast at the site of Israel for several reasons the most important failure of the regimes that are hostile to the United States within the region, and the failure of the prestige and the role of the Soviet Union in the region, particularly since the American perspective Israel deems capable of striking the Arab partys pro-Soviet, so that Arabs understand in the end futility of a military solution, and accept a diplomatic solution. 2-Phase TWO from 1973 to 1981:this phase called Recovery of the strategic role of Israel after the war of 73, which lasted until 81: since the outbreak of the 1973 war and military consequences that resulted from the day after the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli peace in 1979, it moved the position of Israel in U.S. policy from a maximum unreasonable to a minimum is expected to return without a rise gradually to arrive at the end of the decade to its original level, where this war resulted in the destabilization of Israels strategic position during 1973 or 1976. Showed the dependence of America, which shook the foundations of U.S. strategy toward the region based on preventing a major Arab-Israeli war and attract the Middle East between the great powers. Or link between the conflict in the region and the oil war confirmed that the future of the Israeli state force of arms, the document warns of pessimism and crossed Kissinger policy step by step for this new vision of the situation o f the region. 3-Phase THREE from 1981 to 1992: it called Strategic Alliance This represents the period one of the most important stages of the evolution of American-Israeli relations and the most complicated, as had not gone a single line, In the first phase of 1981 1988 which continued the presidency of Ronald Reagan saw relations return to the doctrine of strategic stock that means has the supporters of this doctrine vision implicitly to the peace of services attributed to Israel, starting from below and up to the most important, from the geographical location, which serves the U.S. presence in region, infrastructure and logistical capabilities that distinguish Israel from other U.S. allies in region, in addition to the defense capacity that supports U.S. interests by protecting the stability of the region, and possibilities of research and development and intelligence .which strengthen over the following years 1983 1989 and despite the intermittent differences and confusion and misunderstanding has continued to emphasize the view Israel as a strategic asset and help the regional and international developments, especially the collapse of the Shah in Iran and the failure of the policy of detente and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the pressures of lobbies and interest groups, and the disunity Arab, where the combined these factors to prevent a crisis in US-Israeli relations as a result of the invasion of the recent Lebanon in 1982, but emphasis was placed on strategic cooperation in the framework of that resolution was adopted Directive 111 and evolved forms of cooperation in 1983 in 1989 under what was called the Cold War following convergence of the Syrian USSR, and despite a change of the general context of relations under the Bush administration 1988 1992 end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the outbreak of the Second Gulf War and the launch of Arab-Israeli negotiations, that did not affect the total general formulation of the relati onship even though it had become clear that Israel is a burden on the interests of America, and it is the opposite of what it is rumored as a set for the regions conflicts and the safety valve to counter the threat of Islamic fundamentalism. 4-Phase Four: from 1990 to 2001 this phase called correspondence of interests that is the phase which began with the arrival candidate Democratic Bill Clinton to the White House, and its continuance in which, for two periods for two successive represent this period Summit in relations between the two parties, which witnessed the first period return of the second formulation, the mouthpiece of the depth of strategic cooperation, which has taken aspects to many of the development of weapons to contribute to projects conquest of space, but in parallel with the revival version of this and raised the strategic relations between the two sides to unprecedented levels, has emerged the principle of burden-sharing in crisis management following the end of the Cold War, the United States of America, According to this principle no longer willing to shoulder alone the burdens and costs of managing crises, and that Figure that you see in this case is the distribution of these burdens on the coalit ion or a consortium of parties with an interest in the management of a crisis, and for reasons that have resulted from the end of the Cold War and international conflict, and also of the reluctance of public opinion to bear such burdens and pressures to direct spending on overseas programs within the country, as well as an emerging divide within the elite influencing the political decision for the position of foreign policy and burdens. The answer of Why does it seem that Israels relationship with the United States beyond the barriers of political and ideological? This interpretation depends on the use of the United States to support the interests of Israel in the first such, it does not explain why America supports Israel, even in cases in which Israel is a burden on the interests of America . This is based on outer interpretation of the influence enjoyed by the pro-Israel Lobby in the United States, which has a special ability to influence, through having contact with the administ ration and the Senate and the House and possession of a database and the potential to influence the election campaign, and through funding. Also has a lobby, a knack for organizing and directing the Jewish vote during the elections, which is characterized by American Jews that they are so politicized and more than 90% of them participate in elections while than there were 3% of the total population at the same time, more than half the American people are not interested in participating in the electoral process. This maximizes the relative importance of Jewish groups, which in turn are concentrated in cities of the weight of an election as important as California and New York. Lobby based in its role of several factors such as the status of the State of Israel and the role of great power by the U.S. today and ideology of American cultural reference, which is reflected in the relationship with the Jewish community of American society based on inclusion, adoption and special relationsh ip with the State of Israel.  [4]  5 The timeline of US -Israeli relations was beginning 1917 Belfour Declaration by the British Government which controlled Palestine, details English support for a Jewish home setting the groundwork for the ultimate creation of the state of Israel. 1948 War/Israels Birth Israel wins the first war against its Arab neighbors leading to the establishment of the state of Israel. The United States is the first country to recognize Israel in the United Nations. 1956 Suez Crisis Israel, France, and Britain attack Egypt in October of 1956 after the Suez crisis but the US comes out against the war forcing United Nations intervention and an end to hostilities. 1967 Six-Day War Israel fights its third war in the region against the armies of Egypt, Jordan and Syria, and emerges victorious and in control of the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, Syrias Golan Heights, and Egypts Sinai Peninsula. 1973October/Yom Kippur War Egypt and Syria attack Israel in October of 1973 in an attempt to reclaim lands lost in the Six-Day War. Israel initially suffers major losses until the United States arranged a massive airlift of weapons which helped Israel in its counteroffensive. 1978Camp David Accords President Jimmy Carter mediates negotiations between Egypts Anwar Sadat and Israels Menachem Begin leading to the Camp David Accords, the prerequisite to the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty. 1982 War of Lebanon Israel gets explicitly involved in the Lebanese Civil War, attacking Syrian and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) forces. The United States mediates an agreement with the PLO to withdrawal which leads to American troop deployment in Lebanon. 1991-Current The Peace Process The United States plays a mediating role between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries, leading to the Madrid Conference (1991), Oslo Process/Accords (1993), the Israeli-Jordanian Peace Treaty (1994), and most recently the Roadmap For Peace. 2006 War with Lebanon Israel attacks Lebanon in retaliation for the Hezbollah kidnapping of Israeli soldiers. Questions arose about whether or not Israel used American supplied weapons during the conflict.  [6]   The answer of Question Is Israel exploiting America is that Nature of the relationship between the United States with its ally Israel, being related to common interests, of course, all these things are the basis of the relationship between the two parties, but that Israel could exploit the penetration of the Zionist lobby in the joints of the American state to the implementation of stealing technology and espionage and exploitation American figures are important to implement its goals and ambitions Pure unchecked, restriction or fear of cracking the alliance with the United States or taking into account the interests of the U.S., it is something worthy of wonder and a source of uncertainty in what looked like to say that successive U.S. administrations is satisfied with the repeated violations caused by Israel, despite the danger to security U.S. national.  [7]   American Researcher says. Hal Turner Hal Turner on his Web site, we have to consider whether Israel really an ally of the United States, or that Israel would exploit the Last Jews in all joints sensitive America for the implementation of their own, which may be subversive and dangerous to the security of the United States secrets and strategy, and it must be asked, is that the US-Israeli relations cost too much for the United States? Why this insistence blind without restriction or condition on the protection of Israeli interests, despite the recent lack of keenness on the interests of the sponsor? If we want to know that we have to look at the evidence the following: where should not ally that the acts contrary to the nature of the alliance as Israel did, spied on the United States, and sold the secrets the U.S. military to the enemies and rivals, America, and is stealing U.S. technology and are used without a license, and produce and storage of weapons of mass destruction, and atta cking a U.S. warship (RL) on international waters and destroy, Israel had done a lot of this and are still continuing it. The United States has been Israels closest ally throughout its history; nevertheless, the U.S. has acted against the Jewish States wishes many times. Ever since the war began in 1948, the U.S. was unwilling to insist on projects for the resettlement of Arab refugees. The United States was also reluctant to challenge violations of the Arab Charter of the United Nations and its resolutions. Thus, for example, allowed the Arabs to escape from the siege of the Suez Canal, and to impose a boycott on Israel to commit acts of terrorism. In fact, the United States has taken positions against Israel at the United Nations in more often, and do not use the veto in the Security Council to block the anti-Israel resolution until 1972. Perhaps the most dramatic example of American policy different from that Israel came during the Suez War, President Eisenhower when he took a strong stand against Britain, France and Israel. After the war, U.S. pressure, and forcing Israel to withdraw from the territ ories it occupied. David Ben-Gurion adopted on American guarantees dubious that planted the seeds of conflict in 1967. In 1991, President George W. Bush at a press conference to ask about the delay in the consideration of Israels request for loan guarantees to help absorb Soviet Jews and Ethiopia because of disagreement with Israels settlement policy. In the interest and prestige in this delay, mild language Bush used that inflame sentiments and have raised concern in the Jewish community that raised anti-Semitism. Though often described as the main pro-Israel more in history, as Bill Clinton was critical of Israel on several occasions. Has shown the administration of President George W. Bush also do not hesitate to criticize Israels actions appear to be incompatible with the interests of the United States, but not generally more conservative in public statements. During the first year of the war Palestine, the United States imposed an embargo on spare parts for helicopters due to a nger over the use of U.S. helicopters in targeted killings. The Bush administrations also punish Israel to agree to sell military equipment to China in 2005.  [8]   Current Relations: Two contentious issues have brought the close relationship of the United States and Israel under scrutiny and have contributed to some tension in the relationship. One is Israels continued building of settlements on Palestinian land, despite the illegality under international law and the objection of U.S. politicians. Another issue has been the Israeli lobby in the US which has been criticized for advocating Israels interests within the American political system, even if they are contrary or might harm U.S. national interests.  [9]  

New York and the Spanish Influenza :: Influenza Epidemics Health Essays

New York and the Spanish Influenza NEW YORK--Although public health officials, including the Surgeon General, have been reluctant to declare an epidemic of crisis proportions, indications that something more than a mild flu season was at hand began to appear as far back as May when reports from China, the Front lines, and other places around the world, were telling of large numbers of people becoming suddenly ill.1 Few deaths were acknowledged in those early reports and most reports indicated the illness only lasted a few days. Five months later we are seeing something that is quite different. Spanish influenza is spreading faster than health care personnel can treat it. The growing number of people being infected and the dwindling supply of doctors and nurses, already strained by the war, makes it more difficult to treat the sick and thereby slow or stop the spread of the disease. The dynamics of the situation suggests that things are going to get worse before getting better. As early as May and June, there were reports of widespread illness amongst the German soldiers, and later reports in July said that the disease struck so quickly and was so virulent that many German soldiers were dying in the trenches from influenza.2 In Berne, Switzerland, the municipality has forbidden all meetings, including performances in theatres, picture houses, music halls, and concerts. The ban also includes religious ceremonies. Those who ignore the order could face fines and imprisonment.3 It was not until August, however, before officials here in the United States, particularly in New York, expressed any real concern for the latest influenza invasion, which incidentally, did not originate in Spain as the name may suggest. The initial cause for alarm in New York was the discovery of nine cases of influenza aboard a Norwegian vessel that had docked at Quarantine in New York Harbor. Dr. Leland E. Cofer, Health Officer of the Port downplayed the chances of more people b ecoming ill or that the disease would spread; however, the concern was great enough amongst health officials that there was talk of imposing a quarantine in New York.4 When discussing the possibility of a quarantine, Colonel J. M. Kennedy, Medical Corps, U.S.A., Chief Surgeon at the New York port of embarkation, indicated he opposed a quarantine because it would clog the harbor and produce delays in sending troops and supplies overseas, and that the influenza here is not at all dangerous, except when pneumonia develops, and even when pneumonia develops, only a few cases are fatal. New York and the Spanish Influenza :: Influenza Epidemics Health Essays New York and the Spanish Influenza NEW YORK--Although public health officials, including the Surgeon General, have been reluctant to declare an epidemic of crisis proportions, indications that something more than a mild flu season was at hand began to appear as far back as May when reports from China, the Front lines, and other places around the world, were telling of large numbers of people becoming suddenly ill.1 Few deaths were acknowledged in those early reports and most reports indicated the illness only lasted a few days. Five months later we are seeing something that is quite different. Spanish influenza is spreading faster than health care personnel can treat it. The growing number of people being infected and the dwindling supply of doctors and nurses, already strained by the war, makes it more difficult to treat the sick and thereby slow or stop the spread of the disease. The dynamics of the situation suggests that things are going to get worse before getting better. As early as May and June, there were reports of widespread illness amongst the German soldiers, and later reports in July said that the disease struck so quickly and was so virulent that many German soldiers were dying in the trenches from influenza.2 In Berne, Switzerland, the municipality has forbidden all meetings, including performances in theatres, picture houses, music halls, and concerts. The ban also includes religious ceremonies. Those who ignore the order could face fines and imprisonment.3 It was not until August, however, before officials here in the United States, particularly in New York, expressed any real concern for the latest influenza invasion, which incidentally, did not originate in Spain as the name may suggest. The initial cause for alarm in New York was the discovery of nine cases of influenza aboard a Norwegian vessel that had docked at Quarantine in New York Harbor. Dr. Leland E. Cofer, Health Officer of the Port downplayed the chances of more people b ecoming ill or that the disease would spread; however, the concern was great enough amongst health officials that there was talk of imposing a quarantine in New York.4 When discussing the possibility of a quarantine, Colonel J. M. Kennedy, Medical Corps, U.S.A., Chief Surgeon at the New York port of embarkation, indicated he opposed a quarantine because it would clog the harbor and produce delays in sending troops and supplies overseas, and that the influenza here is not at all dangerous, except when pneumonia develops, and even when pneumonia develops, only a few cases are fatal.